Category
Password managers
Shared credentials. End-to-end encryption means the provider holds ciphertext, which changes what a foreign order could produce.
Canadian-owned, data in Canada: 1; Run it yourself: 2; US-owned, Canadian region: 1; Data leaves Canada: 1
What to ask any password manager
- Is the vault end-to-end encrypted, with keys only on users' devices?
- Is there a Canadian region, or a self-hosted edition?
Canadian-owned, data in Canada
Canadian-owned and data stored in Canada, but the servers belong to AWS, Microsoft or Google, or the vendor does not say whose servers they are.
| Listing | Tier | Stored in Canada? | Owner | Servers run by |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1Password | Tier 2: Canadian-owned, data in Canada | Yes, if you choose it | Canadian | US company |
Run it yourself
Software you install on servers you choose. The vendor never holds your data.
| Listing | Tier | Stored in Canada? | Owner | Servers run by |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bitwarden | Self-hosted: Run it yourself | If you host it yourself | US | US company |
| Devolutions | Self-hosted: Run it yourself | If you host it yourself | Canadian | Owner not stated |
US-owned, Canadian region
Data can be stored in Canada, and the owner is a US company.
| Listing | Tier | Stored in Canada? | Owner | Servers run by |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keeper | Tier 4: US-owned, Canadian region | Yes, if you choose it | US | US company |
Data leaves Canada
No Canadian storage option, whoever the owner is.
| Listing | Tier | Stored in Canada? | Owner | Servers run by |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proton Pass | Tier 5: Data leaves Canada | No | Switzerland | Not a US company |